yes, and there are a few ways to use one key to launch a sample then change what sample that key is launching.
the first method is a simple method try that first. everything following is more complicated will require diving into the nuts and bolts of Ableton live,
In midi map mode, you can map a key to the track launch button
and a knob or fader to the Scene select which is located on the master bus(buttons mapped to scene up and scene down work better)
Another option use an instrument rack with simpler set to one shot mode,
then map out the Chain Selector and filter the midi.
You will also need to transpose the Simpler to the note you want based on note played, or use some of Ableton midi effects to handle the task.
that is more complicated but I recommend learning everything about Effects Racks, Instrument Racks, and Drum Racks.
You could do a similar trick to the one above using Drum Racks
many ways you could create a dynamic single key to launch different samples
another one is utilizing the midi effect Random and then setting it to Alt Mode and use that before a drum rack
Seriously though Focus a lot of learning on the power of Ableton Racks.
Midi racks, Effects Racks, Instrument Racks, Drum Racks.
and familiarize yourself with the Midi Effects